Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs
A CKD or Chronic Kidney Disease diagnosis can be accompanied by many unknowns for guardians. While this diagnosis doesn’t go away– CKD affects 10% of dogs, most of who are older; dogs can live years beyond the prognosis with the right information and proper tools.
The Role Kidneys Play
The kidneys are filtration systems. These two bean-shaped vital organs are tasked with conserving crucial minerals, disposing of harmful byproducts, controlling water balance and body fluids, pH levels, and blood pressure, and producing hormones like erythropoietin.
The kidneys’ function is also to ensure calcium to phosphorus balance.
What is Kidney Disease?
Kidney (renal) disease is a broad term for any disease process that leaves the kidney unable to filter toxins out of the body and maintain water balance in the body.
When the kidneys do stop functioning properly, waste byproducts build up in the body, causing more health problems, making your pet feel sick, and in later stages of disease progression, renal failure.
Types of Kidney Disease
Acute Renal Failure
Kidney function suddenly declines within a week or months. Generally, infection or ingesting a toxin like antifreeze, pesticides, or cleaning products causes acute renal failure. Even too much vitamin D can be poisonous to your dog’s organs.
Chronic Renal Failure
The loss of function is a slow progression, happening gradually over years.
What are the Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs?
CKD is often referred to as early, moderate, or advanced, though it’s also numbered 1-4, 4 being the most severe. The International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system created these stages to judge the severity of kidney disease. The higher the stage number, the more signs you’ll see in your dog.
Stages are set by the creatinine levels, so when creatinine is at X, your dog is in stage 1; when it’s Y, the dog is in stage 2.
Ultimately, being proactive and getting annual bloodwork can identify subtle changes in the body long before they start showing symptoms of kidney dysfunction.
In the beginning stages of renal disease, the concern is dehydration because kidneys are not conserving fluids and producing dilute urine. The kidneys cope with their inability to filter toxins and byproducts by producing a larger amount of more dilute urine. You may notice your dog drinking and urinating more and asking to be let out several times a day.
Disease progression causes a cascading effect in the body, dominoes falling one after another. Toxins built up in the body will increase, and the symptoms will worsen, damaging kidney function and progressing the severity of the disease.
When the kidneys aren’t working well, all systems in the body are also affected – the heart, liver, and pancreas, even blood pressure. High blood pressure (hypertension) occurs in as many as ⅔ of all CKD cases. However, this may be an instance of the chicken or the egg since hypertension worsens kidney function, and a progressive decline in that function can lead to poor blood pressure control.
What’s important to remember is that a diagnosis shouldn’t send you spiraling. Focusing on the stages, the numbers, or lab results can be overwhelming. Instead, focus on what you can do for your dog and his quality of life.
What are the Signs of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs?
Signs vary from subtle and progress slowly to a severe and sudden onset.
The initial signs can include:
- Drinking and urinating more and asking to be let out several times a day
- They will be producing a larger amount of more dilute urine.
- Weight loss/loss of appetite
- Lethargy
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Poor coat quality
Signs of advancing kidney disease include:
- Dehydration – severe dehydration
- Increased water consumption and urination
- Lethargy
- Increased loss of appetite, anorexia, or weight loss
- Diarrhea
- Neurological signs, even seizures, due to high ammonia levels in the blood
Most don’t notice symptoms until 70+ % of function is lost because the kidneys have ample capacity to perform their various functions. That means at least two-thirds of the kidneys must be dysfunctional before you see any signs.
What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs?
Often the cause is unknown or difficult to pinpoint because the onset is slower, and many different conditions can cause it. Your dog’s body is interconnected. When one system has problems, it can often lead to issues elsewhere.
The potential causes are:
- Urine blockages like kidney stones
- High blood pressure
- Dental disease
- Genetic predispositions
- Autoimmune diseases
- Diabetes
- Severe dehydration
- Chronic dehydration
- Toxins
How is CKD Diagnosed?
Signs like weight loss, weakness, and poor coat quality can be seen with many other diseases, so blood and urine tests are needed for a diagnosis. The blood tests will look for elevations in creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) which are indications of kidneys not filtering out these waste chemicals. Mild elevations of creatinine and BUN can be from dehydration but repeated, or high levels are diagnostic for kidney disease.
New blood tests like SDMA– a genetic marker of kidney function- can help identify kidney disease early, sometimes years before signs show. Many veterinarians include it in annual wellness screenings, so you could ask at your next appointment.
There’s no cure for CKD, and the disease is progressive, but the earlier CKD is diagnosed, the more time you have to be proactive about his care and potentially delay the disease’s progression with proper nutrition. Consider annual bloodwork checking BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, and potassium for dogs greater than 8 years old to develop a baseline and for early detection.
Diet’s Role in CKD Care
Fluid therapy and nutrition are foundational components of managing chronic kidney disease under veterinary guidance. Dogs can live for years when the disease is caught early, and a care plan is put in place.
A CKD diet is designed to provide targeted nutrition that supports overall health while being thoughtfully balanced for dogs with reduced kidney function.
The conventional approach has often emphasized lower-protein and lower-phosphorus formulations.
The low-protein approach began because of a general belief that the waste product of protein metabolism, urea, was taking a toll on the marginal kidney. One indicator of kidney health is the level of urea in the blood, called blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Since urea is excreted by the kidneys, and marginal kidney function can lead to a buildup of urea in the blood, the thought was that reducing dietary protein intake would lower urea levels.
But research has not consistently demonstrated that protein restriction slows the progression of kidney dysfunction in dogs and cats—quite the opposite.
On restricted-protein diets, CKD patients were unable to meet their protein needs. Inadequate amino acids can lead to muscle breakdown. This breakdown of muscle will increase creatinine, which the kidneys must clear. Muscle wasting can also be mistaken for worsening CKD in these patients.
The current school of thought is that moderate amounts of high-quality animal-based proteins are needed to nourish the body without overtaxing kidney function.
Dr. Pierson agrees with this sentiment. “With regard to how protein affects the kidneys, it’s important to understand that protein is not the enemy of the cat kidney. Protein doesn’t cause kidney disease. It doesn’t exacerbate kidney disease. It is not the enemy of the kidney.”
As well as Dr. Judy Morgan. “Many veterinarians will immediately recommend a protein-restricted diet in pets with any stage of kidney disease. Protein should not be restricted in early stages of kidney disease, as this will result in muscle wasting and weakness.”
As does Dr. Karen Becker, “Many veterinarians still insist that a renal diet should be low in protein, despite studies showing aging pets — including those with kidney disease — need more protein, not less. But it has to be very high-quality protein.”
As carnivores, cats and dogs need lots of high-quality protein to maintain organ and immune function and healthy muscle mass.
All ingredients in your dog’s food should be fresh, highly bioavailable, easily digested, and highly palatable.
The Importance of Real Whole Food Nutrition in a Renal Diet
In the canine kidney patient, the goal is to thoughtfully manage phosphorus while continuing to nourish the carnivore with moderate amounts of highly bioavailable animal protein. Strategic inclusion of Omega-3 fatty acids and key micronutrients helps support overall health in cats living with CKD. This can be achieved through carefully balanced, clean whole-food nutrition.
The quality and source of protein are very important to a dog suffering from CKD. Moderate amounts of clean, wholesome meats and organs are easily absorbed, providing the CKD patient with the necessary amino acids to prevent weight loss or cachexia. This approach will nourish the body and support the best quality of life.
In the case of kidney patients, something as simple as an egg can provide precisely what the body needs. Ingredients like eggs are multi-functional. The egg itself is a complete protein and low in phosphorus, and the shell is rich in calcium carbonate. By binding phosphorus in the gut, this approach allows mineral levels to be managed through formulation while preserving nutritional balance appropriate for dogs with reduced kidney function.
The correct blend of skeletal meats (beef), organs (beef liver and beef kidney), and rice can lead to reduced phosphorus levels. This delicate balance can nourish the canine without taxing the kidneys.
Managing phosphorus intake is a central nutritional consideration for dogs with CKD and is important for maintaining an appropriate mineral balance. It can be accomplished in two ways. One way to control phosphorus is to reduce its content in food. The second way is to bind phosphorus in the gut. The first approach can be achieved through the correct proportions of nourishing whole foods, which, when combined, have reduced phosphorus levels. The second approach is achieved by selecting foods that bind phosphorus, such as chitosan and calcium carbonate, using cooked ground eggshells.
Omega-3 fatty acids are foundational nutrients for cellular health and physiologic balance. Marine-based sources such as krill provide highly bioavailable omega-3s that support a balanced inflammatory response and contribute to immune, neurologic, and metabolic function. In dogs with chronic disease, maintaining this balance becomes even more important. Ground krill is a rich source of these omega-3 fatty acids.
Unlike fish oils, krill are so low in the food chain that they do not accumulate toxins that can be found in larger fish.
CKD patients have an increased voiding of dilute urine. With this water loss can accompany a loss of water-soluble B vitamins and potassium, so potassium and B vitamins must be added to replace those losses.
Adequate moisture supports circulation, perfusion, and normal elimination—functions that are especially important in dogs with compromised kidney function.
The right nutritional framework does more than nourish—it helps maintain strength, support physiologic stability, and protect quality of life for dogs living with chronic kidney disease.
Note: The information provided is educational and does not represent medical advice regarding pets. Please see your vet for an accurate diagnosis of your pet’s condition.
In the canine kidney patient, the goal is to minimize phosphorus levels while nourishing the body with moderates amounts of high-quality animal protein. We also want to support kidney function with proper ratios of Omega-3 fatty acids and replenish losses from the symptoms of CKD. All can be accomplished with clean whole food nutrition.
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